Transderivational Identity: Phonological Relations Between Words
 

	(University of Massachusetts Ph.D. Dissertation, 1997)
 





Laura Benua



University of Maryland, College Park











This dissertation develops the hypothesis that morphologically-related
 words are required to be phonologically identical by ranked and violable
 constraints.  Pairs of surface forms are linked by a transderivational
 or output-to-output (OO) correspondence relation.  Through ranking,
 constraints on the OO-correspondence relation may force a derived word
 to deviate from the canonical surface patterns of the language in order
 to be more like its output base.  This theory obviates the traditional
 analysis that deviant phonology in complex words is the product of
 cyclic derivation.  Given transderivational relations, cyclic effects
 are produced by constraint interaction in nonprocedural Optimality
 Theory.





Cyclic effects are better understood as misapplication identity effects,
 similar to the over- and underapplication phenomena observed in
 reduplicated words.  Phonological processes may overapply (take place
 where they are not properly conditioned) or underapply (fail to apply
 where properly conditioned) to achieve surface identity of
 paradigmatically-related words.  Constraints that demand identity in
 paradigms interact directly with phonological markedness constraints and
 input-output faithfulness requirements.  When OO-correspondence
 constraints take precedence, phonology misapplies.
 



Three case studies are presented.  The Austronesian language Sundanese
 shows an overapplication pattern, and Tiberian Hebrew demonstrates
 underapplication identity effects.  In both cases, paradigmatic identity
 is achieved at the cost of greater markedness in surface forms.  Both of
 these languages also show that paradigmatic identity is sacrificed when
 it would produce too marked a structure, providing support for the claim
 that OO-correspondence constraints are ranked in a fixed, monostratal
 grammar.





The study of English paradigms presents a theory of phonological
 classhood.  Two arbitrarily-defined classes of affixed words participate
 in different transderivational identity effects.  Each affix class
 triggers a distinct OO-correspondence relation governed by its own set
 of faithfulness constraints.  All class-specific phonological behavior
 follows from the ranking of the two sets of OO-correspondence
 constraints.





In this tranderivational theory, phonology is sensitive to morphology
 because phonological faithfulness relations hold over
 paradigmatically-related words.  There are no cycles or levels of
 derivation.  Complex words, like simplex words, are derived in a
 parallel grammar, without any intermediate stages.
 





TABLE OF CONTENTS







1.  PHONOLOGICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN WORDS.................................1



  1.1  Introduction and Overview.........................................1



  1.2  Optimality Theory.................................................9



    1.2.1  Parallelism..................................................11



    1.2.2  Inputs and Underlying Forms..................................12



  1.3  Correspondence Theory............................................17



    1.3.1  Differentiating Faithfulness: IO and BR Correspondence



             Relations..................................................19



    1.3.2  Differentiating Faithfulness: Roots and Affixes..............22



    1.3.3  Differentiating Faithfulness: Distinct Correspondences



             of the Same Type...........................................23



    1.3.4  Summary: Articulated Faithfulness Theory.....................26







2.  TRANSDERIVATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE THEORY.............................27



  2.1  Transderivational Correspondence Theory (TCT)....................27



  2.2  Phonological Paradigms...........................................28



  2.3  Evaluation of Paradigms..........................................33



    2.3.1  Recursive Evaluation.........................................33



    2.3.2  The Phonology of Affixes.....................................39



  2.4  Misapplication and Other Surface Patterns........................42



    2.4.1  Overapplication..............................................43



    2.4.2  Normal Application...........................................45



    2.4.3  Underapplication and Back-Copying............................47



    2.4.4  Emergent (Un)markedness......................................55



  2.5  Summary..........................................................58







3.  SUNDANESE...........................................................59



  3.1  Introduction.....................................................59



  3.2  Allophonic Nasal Harmony.........................................63



  3.3  Overapplication of Nasal Spread in Infixed Plurals...............68



  3.4  Nasality in Other Morphological Environments.....................71



  3.5  Alternatives.....................................................77



    3.5.1  Cycles and Strata............................................77



    3.5.2  Underspecification...........................................80



    3.5.3  Lexicon Optimization.........................................82



    3.5.4  Serial Optimality Theory.....................................83



         3.5.4.1  Serial OT Cannot Maintain the Richness of the Input



                    Principle...........................................87



         3.5.4.2  Typological Predictions of Serial OT..................89



  3.6  Summary..........................................................96







4.  TIBERIAN HEBREW.....................................................97



  4.1  Introduction.....................................................97



  4.2  Jussive/2fs Truncation..........................................103



  4.3  Epenthesis......................................................109



    4.3.1  Underapplication of Epenthesis..............................111



    4.3.2  Rising Sonority Clusters: The Emergence of the Relatively



             Unmarked (TETRU)..........................................115



    4.3.3  Guttural Codas and ANCHORing................................119



    4.3.4  Epenthesis Summary..........................................129



  4.4  Spirantization..................................................130



    4.4.1  Canonical Post-Vocalic Spirantization.......................131



    4.4.2  Spirantization in Truncated Words...........................134



    4.4.3  Opaque Spirantization.......................................138



  4.5  Summary: Underapplication.......................................141



  4.6  Imperative Truncation...........................................142



    4.6.1  Imperatives are Truncated Words ............................144



    4.6.2  Spirantization in Truncated Imperatives ....................149



    4.6.3  Two Distinct OO-Correspondence Relations....................152



  4.7  Serial Alternatives.............................................154



    4.7.1  Rule-Based Theory...........................................154



    4.7.2  Serial Optimality ..........................................158



  4.8  Summary.........................................................161







5.ENGLISH..............................................................162



  5.1  Introduction....................................................162



  5.2  Stress..........................................................170



    5.2.1  Stress in Unaffixed Words...................................172



    5.2.2  Stress in Affixed Words.....................................175



  5.3  Closure Effects.................................................179



    5.3.1  Northern Irish Dentalization................................186



      5.3.1.1  Canonical Allophonic Dentalization......................187



      5.3.1.2  Dentalization in Affixed Words..........................190



    5.3.2  Standard English Cluster Simplification.....................195



  5.4  Aggressive Closure: Affixation to Bound Roots...................199



  5.5  Summary of Results: Closure and Stress..........................204



  5.6  Other Correlates of Affix Classhood.............................206



    5.6.1  Compositionality and Productivity...........................206



    5.6.2   Affix Ordering.............................................207



  5.7  Serial Alternatives.............................................214



    5.7.1  The Strong Domain Hypothesis and Structure Preservation.....215



  5.8  Summary.........................................................225







6.CONCLUDING AND SPECULATIVE REMARKS...................................227



  6.1  Transderivational Relations.....................................227



  6.2  Affixal Phonology...............................................229



  6.3  Inflected Bases.................................................235



  6.4  Base Priority...................................................239



  6.5  The Morphology-Phonology Interface..............................244